The problem of demand effects in power studies: Moving beyond power priming

Power in experimental research has been commonly induced by methods that raise concerns regarding demand effects. In this paper, we investigate the empirical relevance of these concerns. an incentivized online study (N = 1632), manipulated method power manipulation (power priming vs. resource allocation), level (high-power control), and presence a check after manipulation. We then assessed risk-taking as outcome variable two ways, once non-consequential measure (self-report measure) twice consequential (incentivized behavioral choices). Our results show both using (vs. allocation) implementing substantially increased potential for effects measured proportion participants who were aware hypothesis. addition, able to replicate positive effect on previously reported literature. However, only found significant (and small) our risk-taking; when was with either measures, had no impact. pattern shows about studies cannot be dismissed. advise researchers, especially those studying power, steer away from demand-prone manipulations variables (e.g., behavior) through choices.